Interactive Design Lectures

28.8.2023 - 3.10.2023 / Week 1 - Week 6
Tan Jian Xin / 0350784 
Interactive Design / Bachelor of Design (Hons) in Creative Media 
Lectures

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Week 1
Briefing on Module Information Booklet (MIB)

Week 2: Usability: Designing Products for User Satisfaction

What is usability?
- Usability refers to how effectively, efficiently, and successfully a particular user can utilise a product or design in a certain situation. - An interface with high usability guides users through its easiest route to achieve its goal

Key Principle of Usability

1. Consistency

2. Simplicity

3. Visibility

4. Feedback

5. Error Prevention

1. Consistency - Consistency ensures that your website looks coherent and works harmoniously across all its different elements, such as headers, footers, sidebars and navigation bars. - It includes consistent navigation system,  page layout and menu structure, fonts and typography and branding in web design - Ex: Apple.com, Sime Darby.com.my, 153joombas.com 2. Simplicity - Simplicity is used loosely to refer to the need to minimize the number of steps involved in a process, to use symbols and terminology that make the interface as obvious as possible, and to make it difficult to make mistakes. - It helps the users achieve their goals faster and more efficiently, all while enjoying a great user experience. 3. Visibility - Visibility is the basic principle that the more visible an element is, the more likely users will know about them and how to use them. Equally important is the opposite: when something is out of sight, it’s difficult to know about and use. - Users should know, just by looking at an interface, what their options are and how to access them. 4. Feedback - Feedback communicates the results of any interaction, making it both visible and understandable. Its job is to give the user a signal that they (or the product) have succeeded or failed at performing a task. - Ex: sound when clicking keyboard, atm machine 5. Error Prevention - It involves alerting a user when they’re making an error, with the intention to make it easy for them to do whatever it is they are doing without making a mistake. The main reason this principle of error prevention is important is that we humans are prone to- and will always make mistakes.

Figure 1.1: Example of error prevention

Common Usability Pitfalls

• Complex interfaces

• Confusing navigation

• Poor feedback

• Inadequate error handling

Week 3: Understanding Website Structure

Importance of website structure
- Find information easily
- Affects SEO (search engine optimization)

Website key elements
- Header (website's logo (left), navigation menu (don't hide), and contact information (not necessary))
- Body (text, images, videos, other multimedia elements (interactivity, sound, animation...), information hierarchy)
- Footer (Copyright information (credibility), links to important pages, contact details)

Organizing Content
- Use headings (H1, H2, H3 to create a hierarchical structure)
- Prucode (quotations) 

Navigation Menus
- Help users move around the website
- Clear and concise labels (Consider using dropdown menus for complex sites.) Anatomy of landing page

Figure 2.1: Anatomy of landing page

Week 4: Web Standards

How the web works
To find the location of the web server, your browser will first connect to a Domain Name System (DNS) server

1. When you connect to the web, you do so via an ISP. You type a domain name or web address into your browser to visit a site
2. Your computer contacts a network of servers called DNS servers. These act like phone book; they tell your computer the IP address associated with the requested domain name. Every device on the web has a unique IP address; it's like the telephone number for the computer

3. The unique number that the DNS server returns to your computer allows your browser to contact the web server that hosts the website you requested. A web server is a computer that is constantly connected to the web, and is set up especially to send web pages to users

4. The web server then sends the page you requested back to your web browser

Structure of web page
- Understanding structure
- Learning about markup
- Tags and elements

Page structure

Figure 3.1: Page structure (microsoft word-left) (web page-right)

HTML describes structure of pages (Ex: <element>Information</element>)

HTML - Hypertext MarkUp Language
CSS - Cascading Style Sheets

Figure 3.2: Opening tag and closing tag

Attributes (tell us more about elements)

Need to add space for more than one attribute.

Figure 3.3: Example of attribute

Headings
Has 6 levels of headings
- <h1> main headings
- <h2> subheadings
- <h3> until <h6> if necessary
- No <h7>

Figure 3.4: Headings in html and result

Paragraph
<p> & </p>
- Paragraph spacing

Figure 3.5: Paragraph in html and result

Bold and Italic

<b> & </b> (bold)
- Used to emphasize certain words

<i> & </i> (italic)
- Used for technical terms, names of ships, foreign words, thoughts, unique words

List
Ordered / numbered
- <ol>
- <li> & </li>

Figure 3.6: Ordered list in html and result

Unordered / bullet points
- <ul>
- <li> & </li>

Figure 3.7: Unordered list in html and result

Nested list / sub-list
<li>

Figure 3.8: Nested list in html and result

Links
<a> & </a>

Figure 3.9: link properties

Adding image
<img>

Figure 3.10: image HTML link

Save main file name as - index.html (no uppercase)
Sub folder - images (jpeg/png/gif)


Week 5: HTML & CSS 

ID attribute
- Can only apply 1 HTML element using same value (No 2 elements have same value for ID attribute)
- Can add to link different section in HTML
- Unique 

Class attribute
- More than 2 HTML element can have the same value / name (same font size, typeface....)
- Important when building layout (ID attribute and class attribute)

- Not unique

Block element
- Display top to bottom (New elements in HTML starting on a new line)
- Some elements will always appear to start on a new line in the browser window
- Ex: <h1>, <p>, <ul> and <li> (not <a> & <img>)

Inline elements
- Continue within the same line
- Some elements will always appear to continue on the same line as their neighboring elements
- Ex: <b>, <i>, <em>, <a> and <img> 
- <strong> = <b>, <em> = <i>

Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) (changing appearance)
- Allows you to create rules that specify how the content of an element should appear
- Ex: Background image, color, font size, color, display from inline to block level and vice versa)
- Different from HTML
- Two parts: a selector (HTML tag) and a declaration (2 other parts)
- Paragraph, ID attribute, class attribute

Figure 4.1: CSS

- Headings of same style, color (can group in style declaration)

Figure 4.2: Grouping style declaration

Method to employ CSS
External CSS 
- Separate document
- Use one CSS to control presentation (fonts and colors) and a second to control layout
- Ex: <link>

Internal CSS
- Same document
- Ex: <style>

Background
Shorthand (cannot include background size)

Figure 4.3: Before shorthand

Figure 4.4: Shorthand

Word-spacing units: px / pt

Color code for css:
- light purple: properties
- orange: values
- colons/semicolons: black
- class attributes: green

Class attribute
- no numbers
- no space (If space = 2 values)
- use - or _

Headings
- Don't reduce font size
- Can increase


Week 6: Display CSS

CSS Selectors
- Selectors are used to define which elements should receive specific styes, such as colors, fonts, spacing,...

Universal selector
- Selects all elements on page. 
- Represented by an asterisk, *

Figure 5.1: Universal selector

Element selector
- Simplest type of selector
- Targets HTML elements by their tag name

Figure 5.2: Element selector

ID selector
- Targets an element with a specific ID attribute
- To select an element with a specific ID, use the # symbol followed by the ID name

Figure 5.3: ID selector

Class selector
- Targets elements with class attribute
- To select an element with a specific class, use the . symbol followed by the class name

Figure 5.4: Class selector

Descendant selector
- Selects an element that is a descendant of another element. Can specify hierarchy of elements to target.
- Ex: to style all <a> elements inside a <div> with class "container"

Figure 5.5: Descendant selector

Child selector
- Selects elements that are direct children of another element
- To select only the immediate <li> children of an <ul>

Figure 5.6: Child selector

Pseudo-class selector
- Selects elements based on their state or position in relation to other elements
- Common pseudo-classes include :hover, :active, :active, :focus, and :nth-child(n)

Figure 5.7: Pseudo-class selector

Pseudo-element selector
- Selects parts of an element rather than the element itself
- Common pseudo-elements include ::before and ::after

Figure 5.8: Pseudo-element selector

Reasons for so many selectors
- CSS provides a variety of selectors to offer flexibility and granularity when targeting HTML elements for styling.
- Give web developers the ability to precisely target and style specific elements or groups of elements based on their structure, attributes, state, or position within the document.
- Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements, responsive design, stateful interactions, cross-browser compatibility, ease of maintenance, accessibility

Structure

- Selectors like descendant selectors (parent element > child element) and sibling selectors (element + adjacent element) enable you to target elements within specific structural contexts.

Attribute-based selection
- Attribute selectors like [attribute="value"] allow you to style elements based on their attributes or attribute values.

Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements

- Ex: you can style links differently when they are hovered over (:hover) or style the first letter of a paragraph (::first-letter//::first-line) differently.

Responsive Design

- Media queries, a type of selector, enable you to apply different styles to elements based on the user's device characteristics, such as screen size, orientation, or resolution.

Stateful Interactions

- Selectors like :focus, :active, and :checked allow you to style elements based on user interactions.

- Ex: you can style a button differently when it's clicked (:active) or style form elements when they are in focus (:focus).

btn=button, img=image


Week 7

Display property - Used to create layout (Most elements is usually block or inline)

Block-level element
- <div>, <h1> until <h6>, <p>

Figure 6.1: Block element

Inline element
- <span>, <a>, <img>, <i>, <b>, <strong>, <u>

Figure 6.2: Inline element

Box model
In CSS
- Most HTML elements are containers (Ex: Body, p, h1, h2, div, ul, ol, li)
- Padding, border, margin
- Size of each layers can be specified using units of em, %, and px 
- Not advisable to use px (think of mobile first-think of smaller sizes first)

Figure 6.3: Layers in box model

To create responsive document insert:
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

A body contains small spaces of margin

Ex: body {

padding: 0;

margin: 0

       }

Width have to use unit of %

Comparison of without padding and with padding    

Figure 6.4: Difference of without padding (left) and with padding (right)

Flex layout

Figure 6.5: Flex layout

Pseudo-class selector (order)
1. a:link
2. a:active (if you click)
3. a:hover (when you hover the mouse)
4. a:visited (when u clicked the link, then you come back)


Week 8 - Independent learning week


Week 9
Static are positioned according to the normal document flow.
- This is the default view, and elements are not affected by top, right, bottom, or left properties.
- Ex:
.static {

        background-color: aquamarine;
        position: static;
        top:0;
        right:40px;
        width: 50%;
}

Relative are positioned relative to their normal position in the document flow.
- You can use top, right, bottom, and left properties to move the element from its normal position without affecting the layout of other elements.
- Ex:
.relative {
        background-color: aqua;
        position: relative;
        top: 0;
        right: 0;
}

Absolute are removed from the normal document flow and are positioned relative to their nearest positioned ancestor (an element with a position value other than static) or the initial containing block (the viewport if no positioned ancestor is found).
- Using top, right, bottom, and left properties, you can precisely control the element's position.
- Ex:
.absolute {
        background-color: blue;
        position: absolute;
        top:0;
        right: 0;
        width: 100%;
        height: 100%;
        z-index:0;
}

Fixed are also removed from the normal document flow but are positioned relative to the viewport, meaning they stay in the same position even when the page is scrolled.
- You can use top, right, bottom, and left properties to set the element's position on the screen.
- (only take up the size of the content/text)
- Ex: 
.fixed {
        background-color: brown;
        position: fixed;
        right: 2%;
        bottom: 0;
        box-sizing: border-box;
}

Sticky are positioned based on the user's scroll position and the normal flow of the document.
- They behave like relative until they reach a specified offset position (E.g., top: 20px), after which they become fixed until the user scrolls back.
- Ex:
.sticky {
        background-color: cadetblue;
        position: sticky;
}

Notes:
- relative and static almost the same

- fixed and absolute almost the same
- when using positions stated above, it's important to specify at least one of the positioning properties (top, right, bottom, or left) to determine the exact position.
- regardless of how large the device is, 100vh=whole device
- smallest value of z-index: -1 
- largest value for z-index: 1000 
- z-index doesn't have units such as px or %
- use em as value to increase responsibility


Week 10 
Adding box-sizing: border-box; is to ensure the contents doesn't go beyond the box.

Second way to change fonts in CSS is shown below

Figure 7.1:Pasting font in CSS